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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Seth Lloyd</span></h1>
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<p><b>Seth Lloyd</b> (* <a href="2._August" title="2. August">2. August</a> <a href="1960" title="1960">1960</a>) ist ein US-amerikanischer Informatiker und Physiker. Er ist Professor der Fakultät für <a href="Maschinenbau" title="Maschinenbau">Maschinenbau</a> am <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> in <a href="Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</a> und befasst sich vor allem mit der informationstheoretischen Aspekten der Physik, <a href="Quanteninformatik" title="Quanteninformatik">Quanteninformatik</a> und der Physik komplexer Systeme.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leben">Leben</h2></div>
<p>Lloyd studierte an der <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (Bachelor 1982) und an der <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>
(Master-Abschluss 1984). 1988 wurde er an der <a href="Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a> bei <a href="Heinz_Pagels" title="Heinz Pagels">Heinz Pagels</a> promoviert (<i>Black Holes, Deamons and the Loss of Coherence: How complex systems get information, and what they do with it</i>). Danach war er als Post-Doc am <a href="Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> und 1991 bis 1994 war er als Post-Doc am <a href="Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>. Ab 1994 war er Assistant Professor, ab 1998 Associate Professor und ab 2002 Professor am MIT. Dazwischen war er 1979 Wissenschaftler am <a href="SLAC" class="mw-redirect" title="SLAC">SLAC</a>, 1980 am <a href="Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, 1981 am <a href="Institut_Laue-Langevin" title="Institut Laue-Langevin">Institut Laue-Langevin</a> in Grenoble und 1982 am <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>. Ab 1987 war er außerdem Adjunct Assistant Professor am Santa Fe Institute. Er arbeitete als Berater für <a href="Hewlett-Packard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> und <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (ab 2000).
</p><p>1981 erhielt er den Sargent Prize in Harvard, 1985 erhielt er in <a href="Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a> den Dirac-Preis, 2001 den Edgerton Preis und 2012 den <a href="International_Quantum_Communication_Award" title="International Quantum Communication Award">International Quantum Communication Award</a>. 2007 wurde er Fellow der <a href="American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wirken">Wirken</h2></div>
<p>Sein Forschungsgebiet ist das Zusammenwirken von <a href="Information" title="Information">Information</a> mit <a href="Komplexes_System" title="Komplexes System">komplexen Systemen</a>, insbesondere <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantensystemen</a>. Er leistete bedeutende Beiträge auf dem Gebiet der <a href="Quanteninformatik" title="Quanteninformatik">Quanteninformatik</a>, entwarf den ersten realisierbaren Konstruktionsplan eines <a href="Quantencomputer" title="Quantencomputer">Quantencomputers</a>, und bewies einige quantenmechanische Analoga zum <a href="Shannon-Hartley-Gesetz" title="Shannon-Hartley-Gesetz">Shannon-Hartley-Gesetz</a>.
Er entwickelte zahlreiche <a href="Quantenalgorithmus" title="Quantenalgorithmus">Quantenalgorithmen</a>, darunter einen zur digitalen <a href="Quantensimulation" title="Quantensimulation">Quantensimulation</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, zur schnellen Lösung linearer Gleichungssystems<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und er ist einer der Pioniere der Theorie des Quantenmaschinenlernens, z. B. als Koautor von Quantenalgorithmen für <a href="Hauptkomponentenanalyse" title="Hauptkomponentenanalyse">Hauptkomponentenanalyse</a> und für <a href="Support_Vector_Machine" title="Support Vector Machine">Support Vector Machines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In seinem Buch <i>Programming the Universe</i> vertritt Lloyd die Auffassung, dass das <a href="Universum" title="Universum">Universum</a> ein Quantencomputer ist, der im Zuge seines Programmablaufs alles, was wir sehen, und uns selbst hervorbringt. Sobald wir die physikalischen Gesetze vollständig verstanden haben, so Lloyd, werden wir mit Hilfe von Quantencomputern in der Lage sein, auch das Universum vollständig zu verstehen. Ähnliche Überlegungen haben auch <a href="Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> und <a href="Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Stephen Wolfram</a> angestellt.
</p><p>In seinem Aufsatz <i>The Computational Universe</i> berechnet Lloyd Rechenleistung und Informationsinhalt des Weltalls und kommt auf eine Zahl von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{120}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mn>10</mn>
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<mn>120</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{120}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bce8619e8f8cc2c7d1c23a0969226a4915ec6b6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.023ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{120}}" loading="lazy"></span> logischen Operationen, die seit Anbeginn der Welt hätten ausgeführt werden können, sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{90}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>90</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{90}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31eb13270e29b5b4ecfec7214a572430a6f8d60d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.201ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{90}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Bit" title="Bit">Bit</a> Information.
</p><p>2022 war er einer der zwei Hauptdarsteller in dem Kurzfilm <i>Steeplechase</i> von Andrey Kezzyn,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in dem es um Zeitreisen (geschlossene zeitartige Kurven, <i>closed timelike curves</i>) geht, ein Thema, mit dem er sich auch wissenschaftlich auseinandergesetzt hat.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veröffentlichungen"><span id="Ver.C3.B6ffentlichungen"></span>Veröffentlichungen</h2></div>
<ul><li><i>Ultimate physical limits to computation</i> In: <i>Nature.</i> 406, S. 1047, 1999 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/35023282" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/35023282">doi:10.1038/35023282</a>. <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043v3">quant-ph/9908043v3</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/lloyd2/lloyd2_print.html"><i>The Computational Universe</i></a> (2002)</li>
<li><i>Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos</i>, Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2006, ISBN 1-4000-4092-2</li>
<li><i>The universe as quantum computer</i>. In: H. Zenil (Hrsg.): <i>A Computable Universe: Understanding and exploring Nature as computation.</i> World Scientific, 2013 <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.4455v1">1312.4455v1 [quant-ph]</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seth_Lloyd?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Seth Lloyd</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meche.mit.edu/people/faculty/index.html?id=55">Seth Lloyds Homepage</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/lloyd/links.html">Seite bei Random House von Lloyd mit links zu seinen Arbeiten</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcXSpXyZVuY">MIT-Vortrag zu Quantum Life</a></li>
<li><a href="R%C3%BCdiger_Vaas" title="Rüdiger Vaas">Rüdiger Vaas</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Das Universum – der erste Quantencomputer</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Bild_der_Wissenschaft" title="Bild der Wissenschaft">Bild der Wissenschaft</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, 2007 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wissenschaft.de/erde-umwelt/das-universum-der-erste-quantencomputer/">wissenschaft.de</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Seth+Lloyd&rft.atitle=Das+Universum+-+der+erste+Quantencomputer&rft.au=R%C3%BCdiger+Vaas&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Bild+der+Wissenschaft" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seth Lloyd: <cite style="font-style:italic">Universal Quantum Simulators</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>273</span>, 1996, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1073</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5278.1073">10.1126/science.273.5278.1073</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Seth+Lloyd&rft.atitle=Universal+Quantum+Simulators&rft.au=Seth+Lloyd&rft.btitle=Science&rft.date=1996&rft.doi=10.1126%2Fscience.273.5278.1073&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1073&rft.volume=273" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aram W. Harrow, Avinatan Hassidim, Seth Lloyd: <cite style="font-style:italic">Quantum Algorithm for Linear Systems of Equations</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phys. Rev. Lett.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>103</span>, 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>150502</span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.3171">0811.3171</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Seth+Lloyd&rft.atitle=Quantum+Algorithm+for+Linear+Systems+of+Equations&rft.au=Aram+W.+Harrow%2C+Avinatan+Hassidim%2C+Seth+Lloyd&rft.btitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=150502&rft.volume=103" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Biamonte, Peter Wittek, Nicola Pancotti, Patrick Rebentrost, Nathan Wiebe, Seth Lloyd: <cite style="font-style:italic">Quantum Machine Learning</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>549</span>, 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>195–202</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23474">10.1038/nature23474</a></span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.09347">1611.09347</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Seth+Lloyd&rft.atitle=Quantum+Machine+Learning&rft.au=Jacob+Biamonte%2C+Peter+Wittek%2C+Nicola+Pancotti%2C+...&rft.btitle=Nature&rft.date=2017&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fnature23474&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=195-202&rft.volume=549" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt21401580/"><i>Seth Lloyd</i></a> bei <a href="IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seth Lloyd, Lorenzo Maccone, Raul Garcia-Patron, Vittorio Giovannetti, Yutaka Shikano, Stefano Pirandola, Lee A. Rozema, Ardavan Darabi, Yasaman Soudagar, Lynden K. Shalm, Aephraim M. Steinberg: <cite style="font-style:italic">Closed Timelike Curves via Postselection: Theory and Experimental Test of Consistency</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phys. Rev. Lett.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>106</span>, 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>040403</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.040403">10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.040403</a></span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.2219">1005.2219</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Seth+Lloyd&rft.atitle=Closed+Timelike+Curves+via+Postselection%3A+Theory+and+Experimental+Test+of+Consistency&rft.au=Seth+Lloyd%2C+Lorenzo+Maccone%2C+Raul+Garcia-Patron%2C+...&rft.btitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.date=2011&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.106.040403&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=040403&rft.volume=106" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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